International Health
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 3-9 , September 2009

A review of non-communicable disease in low- and middle-income countries

Received 10 February 2009 ,Accepted 18 February 2009.

References 

  1. WHO. Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005.
  2. WHO. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
  3. Abegunde D, Mathers C, Adam T, Ortegon M, Strong K. The burden and costs of chronic diseases in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370:1929–1938
  4. WHO. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008. [See Annex 5, Table 1].
  5. Asaria P, Chisholm D, Mathers C, Ezzati M, Beaglehole R. Chronic disease prevention: health effects and financial costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and control tobacco use. Lancet. 2007;370:2044–2053
  6. Lim SS, Gaziano TA, Gakidou E, Reddy KS, Farzadfar F, Lozano R. Prevention of cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals in low-income and middle-income countries: health effects and costs. Lancet. 2007;307:2054–2062
  7. WHO. Strategies to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Sixty-first World Health Assembly, Geneva, 19-24 May 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008, Report A61/13. http://www.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/A61/A61_13-en.pdf [accessed 18 February 2009].
  8. Adeyi O, Smith O, Robles S. Public policy and the challenge of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Washington, D.C: The World Bank; 2007;
  9. WHO. Catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket health expenditure, by WHO Region. In: World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008, p. 32–33.
  10. UN DESA. Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; 2002. http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf [accessed on term needs of people with NCDs and disabilities 18 February 2009].
  11. United Nations. Resolution 2004/62. Tobacco control. United Nations Economic and Social Council 51st plenary meeting. New York, United Nations, 2004.
  12. AusAID. Helping health systems deliver, a policy for Australian development assistance in health. Canberra: Australian Agency for International Development; 2006.
  13. DFID. Research Strategy, 2008–2013. London: Department for International Development; 2008.
  14. EC DG Development. Investing in people, strategy paper for the thematic programme 2007-2013. Brussels: European Commission Directorate General for Development; 2007.
  15. IOM (Institute of Medicine). The U.S. Commitment to Global Health: Recommendations to the New Administration. Washington DC: National Academy Press; 2009, p. 16–17. http://www.nap.edu/edu/catalog/12506.html [accessed 26 January 2009].
  16. Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Michael Bloomberg and Bill Gates join to combat global tobacco epidemic. New York: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2008 http://www.gatesfoundation.org/press-releases/Pages/bloomberg-gates-tobacco-initiative-080723.aspx [accessed 18 February 2009].
  17. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med. 2006;3:2011–2029
  18. WHO. Deaths by cause, high income and low-and-middle-income countries by WHO Region. In: World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
  19. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gulmezoglu AM, Van Look P. WHO systematic review of causes of maternal deaths. Lancet. 2006;367:1066–1074
  20. WHO. Annual incidence by selected cause, high income and low-and-middle-income countries by WHO Region. World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2008.
  21. WHO. The World Health Organization's Fight Against Cancer: Strategies That Prevent, Cure, Care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
  22. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med November. 2006;3:2011–2029
  23. Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet. 2007;370:765–773
  24. WHO. Projected deaths by WHO region, age, sex and cause for years 2005, 2015 and 2030. In: World Health Statistics 2008. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
  25. Roglic G, Unwin N, Bennett PH, Mathers C, Tuomilehto J, Nag S, et al. The burden of mortality attributable to diabetes: realistic estimates for the year 2000. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:2130–2135
  26. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047–1053
  27. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas. 3rd ed. International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, 2006.
  28. Mohan V, Deepa M, Deepa R, Shanthirani CS, Farooq S, Ganesan A, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in urban South India--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-17). Diabetologia. 2006;49:1175–1178
  29. Gu D, Reynolds K, Duan X, Xin X, Chen J, Wu X, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in the Chinese adult population: International Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Asia (InterASIA). Diabetologia. 2003;46:1190–1198
  30. Levitt NS, Bradshaw D. The impact of HIV/AIDS on Type 2 diabetes prevalence and diabetes healthcare needs in South Africa: projections for 2010. Diabet Med. 2006;23(1):103–104
  31. Stevenson CR, Forouhi NG, Roglic G, Williams BG, Lauer JA, Dye C, et al. Diabetes and tuberculosis: the impact of the diabetes epidemic on tuberculosis incidence. BMC Public Health. 2007;7:234
  32. Silverman BL, Rizzo TA, Cho NH, Metzger BE. Long-term effects of the intrauterine environment. The Northwestern University Diabetes in Pregnancy Center. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(Suppl 2):B142–B149
  33. Gu D, Kelly TN, Wu X, Chen J, Samet JN, Huang JR, et al. Mortality attributable to smoking in China. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:150–159
  34. In:  Ezzati M,  Lopez AD,  Rodgers A,  Murray CJL editor. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004;
  35. WHO. World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
  36. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Report of the Task Force on Research in Epidemiology and Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1994.
  37. WHO. World Health Report 1999: Making a Difference. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999.
  38. Gaziano TA, Gauden G, Reddy KS. Scaling up interventions for chronic disease prevention the evidence. Lancet. 2007;370:1939–1946
  39. In:  Puska P,  Vartiainen E,  Laatikainen T,  Jousilahti P,  Paavola M editor. The North Karelia Project: From North Karelia to National Action. Helsinki: National Institute of Health and Welfare; 2009;
  40. WHO. Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003.
  41. WHO. Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2008: The MPOWER package. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008.
  42. WHO. Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works. summary report. Geneva, World Health Organization, Forthcoming.
  43. Brownson RC, Housemann RA, Brown DR, Jackson-Thompson J, King AC, Malone BR, et al. Promoting physical activity in rural communities: walking trail access, use, and effects. Am J Prev Med. 2000;18(3):235–241
  44. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, Mukesh B, Bhaskar AD, Vijay V, et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006;49:289–297
  45. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Within-trial cost-effectiveness of lifestyle intervention or metformin for the primary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 2518-23.
  46. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Yamuna A, Mary S, Ping Z. Cost Effectiveness of the Interventions in the Primary Prevention of Diabetes among Asian Indians: within trial results of the Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP). Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2548–2552
  47. Narayan KM, Zhang P, Kanaya AM, Williams DE, Engelgau ME, Imperatore G, et al. Diabetes: the pandemic and potential solutions. In:  Jamison DT,  Breman JG,  Measham AR,  Alleyne G,  Claeson M,  Evans DB, et al. editor. Disease control priorities in developing countries. 2nd ed.. New York: Oxford Investment Press; 2006;p. 591–604
  48. Beaglehole R, Epping-Jordan J, Vikram P, Chopra M, Ebrahim S, Kidd M. Improving the prevention and management of chronic disease in low-income and middle-income countries: a priority for primary care. Lancet. 2008;372:940–949
  49. Alwan, A, Maclean D; & Mandil A. Assessment of National Capacity for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases: The Report of a Global Survey. Geneva, World Health Organziation; 2001. WHO/MNC/01.2.
  50. Shao R, Liu B, & Legowski B. Report of the Global Survey on the Progress in National Chronic Diseases Prevention and Control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.

PII: S1876-3413(09)00005-9

doi: 10.1016/j.inhe.2009.02.003

International Health
Volume 1, Issue 1 , Pages 3-9 , September 2009