International Health
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Pages 154-162 , December 2009

Evaluation of community intervention with pit latrines for trachoma control in Ghana, Mali, Niger and Nigeria

  • Lisa A. Rotondo

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    • International Trachoma Initiative, Task Force for Global Health, 325 Swanton Way, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
    • ,
  • Jeremiah Ngondi

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    • Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
    • ,
  • Ann F. Rodgers

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, Private Bag, Accra, Ghana
    • University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
    • ,
  • Jonathan D. King

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    • ,
  • Yaya Kamissoko

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, Quartier du Fleuvre 228, Bamako, Mali
    • ,
  • Ali Amadou

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, Quartier Terminus, B.P. 619, Niamey, Niger
    • ,
  • Nimzing Jip

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, P.O. Box 772, Jos, Nigeria
    • ,
  • Elizabeth A. Cromwell

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    • ,
  • Paul M. Emerson

      Affiliations

    • The Carter Center, 1 Copenhill Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 404 420 3830; fax: +1 404 874 5515.

Received 19 June 2009 ,Revised 25 June 2009 ,Accepted 4 August 2009.

References 

  1. Polack S, Brooker S, Kuper H, Mariotti S, Mabey D, Foster A. Mapping the global distribution of trachoma. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83:913–919
  2. World Health Organization. Future Approaches to Trachoma Control: report of a global scientific meeting, Geneva, 17-20 June 1996. 1997. Geneva, WHO document WHO/PBL/96.56. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_PBL_96.56.pdf (Accessed on 2nd March 2007).
  3. Emerson PM, Cairncross S, Bailey RL, Mabey DC. Review of the evidence base for the ‘F’ and ‘E’ components of the SAFE strategy for trachoma control. Trop Med Int Health. 2000;5:515–527
  4. Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, Mabey D. A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis. 2003;3:372–381
  5. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mahdi OS, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000;94:28–32
  6. Miller K, Pakpour N, Yi E, Melese M, Alemayehu W, Bird M, et al. Pesky trachoma suspect finally caught. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88:750–751
  7. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba SM, Faal HB, et al. Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;363:1093–1098
  8. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW. Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens. Med Vet Entomol. 2001;15:314–320
  9. Emerson PM, Simms VM, Makalo P, Bailey RL. Household pit latrines as a potential source of the fly Musca sorbens--a one year longitudinal study from The Gambia. Trop Med Int Health. 2005;10:706–709
  10. Turner AG, Magnani RJ, Shuaib M. A not quite as quick but much cleaner alternative to the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) Cluster Survey design. Int J Epidemiol. 1996;25:198–203
  11. STATA. Stata survey data reference manual. College Station, Texas: StataCorp LP, 2005.
  12. Measure DHS - ICF Macro. Niger: DHS, 1998 Survey Dataset Files. http://www.measuredhs.com/accesssurveys/search/show_datasets.cfm?ctry_id=29&surv_id=99&flag=0&cn=Niger accessed on 28th May 2009.
  13. Measure DHS - ICF Macro. Mali: DHS, 2001 Survey Dataset Files. http://www.measuredhs.com/accesssurveys/search/show_datasets.cfm?ctry_id=25&surv_id=159&flag=0&cn=Mali accessed 28th May 2009.
  14. Yayemain D, King JD, Debrah O, Emerson PM, Aboe A, Ahorsu F, et al. Achieving trachoma control in Ghana after implementing the SAFE strategy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009;
  15. United Nations Development Programme. Millennium Development Goal 7; Indicator 7.9, Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility. 2007. http://www.mdgmonitor.org/goal7.cfm accessed on 28th May 2009.
  16. WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. A Snapshot of Sanitation in Africa. AfricaSan: Second African Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene Durban, South Africa 18-20 February 2008. 2008. http://www.wssinfo.org/pdf/africa_san.pdf accessed on 27th May 2009.
  17. Simms VM, Makalo P, Bailey RL, Emerson PM. Sustainability and acceptability of latrine provision in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2005;99:631–637
  18. O’Loughlin R, Fentie G, Flannery B, Emerson PM. Follow-up of a low cost latrine promotion programme in one district of Amhara Ethiopia: characteristics of early adopters and non-adopters. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:1406–1415
  19. Rodgers AF, Ajono LA, Gyapong JO, Hagan M, Emerson PM. Characteristics of latrine promotion participants and non-participants; inspection of latrines; and perceptions of household latrines in Northern Ghana. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:772–782

PII: S1876-3413(09)00030-8

doi: 10.1016/j.inhe.2009.08.001

International Health
Volume 1, Issue 2 , Pages 154-162 , December 2009

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